Chemistry chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chemistry chemistry - Essay Example (Frederick, 1979, P.67) Intramolecular forces are much stronger than intermolecular forces hence the generally higher Melting and Boiling points associated with substances that have intramolecular forces. Aluminium, being a metal would be expected to form an ionic bond with Chlorine, which is a gaseous non-metal. This is not the case however due to the very small size of the Aluminium atom, which makes the Aluminium nucleus to exert very high attractive forces on its outer electrons, making it difficult for the atom to loose electrons in order to form ionic bonds. In Aluminium Chloride, the Aluminium atom bonds to three chlorine atoms covalently by having a shared electron with each one of the chlorine atoms. (Frederick, 1979, P.73) Aluminium chloride exists as a dimer (Al2Cl6). The bonding between the two molecules is co-ordinate, using lone pairs on the Chlorine atoms. (Frederick, 1979, P.75) Magnesium has the electronic structu

UK Music Retailers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UK Music Retailers - Assignment Example Businesses operating in any industry are bound to experience changing fortunes in so far as trade is concerned. There are several forces that play in the economy thus influencing the fate of each of the entities in a given sector. With this in mind, it is the sole responsibility for individual business organizations to examine factors within their environment and identify the interventions to keep it competitive. I further use interaction matrix to analyze how the business has changed over time. Finally, I conclude by comparing two players in this music sector and offer some appropriate recommendations. Just like in any other economy of the world, the UK economy also suffers from quite a number of challenges. Being an important component of the economy, UK retailers have not been spared from the difficult moments that occasionally characterize the economy. Therefore, some traditional UK retailers such as music retailers who deal with the selling of music CD and VCD have been critically affected. In the past few years, some famous music retailers went bankrupt one after another. Cases in point include the Towers, KPS, and Virgin. Whilst some of the aforementioned retailers were troubled by the market changes, the likes of Find-CD, which is an online music company, were flourishing (Traynor, 2013). According to the findings of Traynor (2013) in his research, nearly 140 music retailers are prone to the perilous economic period in the near future. A case in point is the HMV music retailer. HMV is credited for having been one of the longest-serving players in the music industry with a history of music retailing of approximately 91 years. It deals with the sale of CDs/DVDs containing music, movies, or video games.  

Commentary Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commentary Assignment - Essay Example It is believed that cannabis was used during religious ceremonials of the early ethnic groups of people. Shamans and sacerdotes in the ancient times used cannabis to become more religiously enlighted. Cannabis has an effect on the mind and body senses of a person who uses it. Most general and comfortable way to use cannabis is to smoke its dry leaves like tobacco. Cannabis is usually smoked with pipe, hookah, bong or joints (small hand rolling cigars). Usually person who smoke cannabis appear to feel euphory, think in a more philosophical and self-insight way. Individual under the influence of cannabis also has a more receptive feelings especially towards perception of information and food or drinks. If person for example likes music then his listening to the favourite song before smoking cannabis and after will be different. Food seems more pleasant as well as all other kinds of nice things like hot shower, sexual intercourse, reading a book, watching a movie etc. Cannabis influence brain directity and hit receptors which influence emotional, psychic and behavioural condition of an individual. All desirable effects of cannabis like euphoria, sense of pleasentness, more perceptive feelings and other dissappear within a couple of hours after cannabis was used. Though it is a light drug and if talking medically in fact not even a drug it has some bad effects. These bad effect are usually of a long term and depend on the regularity of smoking cannabis and the amount of product smoked. Among negative long-term effects are loss of concentration, clow reaction, sleepliness, inactivity and passive reaction towards the irritants of the environment. However this negative effects do not have somehow significantly negative influence and they appear only if cannabis is used too regularly and in a huge portions. It is also clinically proved that without further using of cannabis such negative effects vanish with no trace of

UK Music Retailers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UK Music Retailers - Assignment Example Businesses operating in any industry are bound to experience changing fortunes in so far as trade is concerned. There are several forces that play in the economy thus influencing the fate of each of the entities in a given sector. With this in mind, it is the sole responsibility for individual business organizations to examine factors within their environment and identify the interventions to keep it competitive. I further use interaction matrix to analyze how the business has changed over time. Finally, I conclude by comparing two players in this music sector and offer some appropriate recommendations. Just like in any other economy of the world, the UK economy also suffers from quite a number of challenges. Being an important component of the economy, UK retailers have not been spared from the difficult moments that occasionally characterize the economy. Therefore, some traditional UK retailers such as music retailers who deal with the selling of music CD and VCD have been critically affected. In the past few years, some famous music retailers went bankrupt one after another. Cases in point include the Towers, KPS, and Virgin. Whilst some of the aforementioned retailers were troubled by the market changes, the likes of Find-CD, which is an online music company, were flourishing (Traynor, 2013). According to the findings of Traynor (2013) in his research, nearly 140 music retailers are prone to the perilous economic period in the near future. A case in point is the HMV music retailer. HMV is credited for having been one of the longest-serving players in the music industry with a history of music retailing of approximately 91 years. It deals with the sale of CDs/DVDs containing music, movies, or video games.  

Creative Photography Essay Example for Free

Creative Photography Essay What are three examples of forms of music? One example of forms of music Describe each form. What is form in music? Critical Thinking Questions Music has sometimes been referred to as a universal language. Why has this description been applied to music? Emotions are a common feeling shared among human beings. Music communicates so many things that everyone can understand without having to speak a word . It communicates love, frustration, hatred, war, friendship, commerce, marriage, separation, unity, confusion. Music is referred to as a Universal language Do you agree or disagree with this assessment? Yes I agree Why? Music is universal it provokes the same feelings no matter what kind or style it is music cultivates everyone’s inner feelings. and thoughts Why is musical notation important? Musical nation is important What benefits do musicians and others receive from being able to write down and note aspects of a musical piece? In the first part of the module, we discussed how music is everywhere in society. What are some of the ways that we use music? How do you use music in your own life? Music can help influence the mood or feeling in a place by the way in which it is played. What is a specific example of this that you have experienced? Discuss the experience (what was the song? how was it played? how did the mood/feeling change? ). For example, you might discuss an experience at a concert, religious service, or another place where music played a part in creating the mood.

The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay

The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay The given assignment is done with the soul purpose of developing an intense knowledge and understanding of vibrational behaviour and dynamic response of structures. The assignment aims to apply up to date methods of structural dynamics in aerospace and aerospace system engineering. Here we use Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite Element method to obtain the natural frequency and mode shape of the given cantilever beam. 1. Rayleigh-Ritz Method Rayleigh-Ritz method is an extension of the Rayleigh method which was developed by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Walter Ritz. Its one of the widely used method to calculate more accurate value of fundamental frequency, further it also gives approximations to the higher frequencies and mode shapes. In the Ritz method the single shape function is replaced by a series of shape functions multiplied by constant coefficients, that is the single function of deflection choose in Rayleigh method is assumed to be a sum of several functions multiplied by constant coefficients. The coefficients values are modified by reducing the frequency with respect to each of the coefficients, which result in n algebraic equations in. The solution of these equations will give the value of natural frequency and mode shapes of the system. It should be taken into account that the success of the method is only possible so long as the shape function taken satisfies the geometric boundary conditions of the problem. The method should also be differentiable to the order of the derivatives of the equations. Here the function can ignore discontinuities like shear due to concentrated masses that involve third derivatives in beam. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is done by assuming the deflection curve of the beam by The function are the assumed displacement functions that satisfy geometrical boundary conditions. For a cantilever beam the boundary conditions are They are selected such that it is possible to obtain a good approximation to each of the required natural modes by superposition. The quantities are generalized coordinates representing contributions of each assumed functions. For a beam divided into à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºn span wise stations the total differential equation can be formulate using Lagrange equation as Putting as a solution , where the amplitude of the displacement is, is the frequency and is the phase angle. This set of characteristics equations can be solved for n discrete values of . This equation can easily be put into a matrix form for numerical calculation as For a beam divided into n span wise station the mass and stiffness terms can be formulated into matrices as Where = matrix of assumed modes = mass matrix = matrix of weighting coefficients = rigidity matrix Hence we write as The above equation is considered to be convenient for computation, but has limitations in the manner of expressing the strain energy. Given Data Length L=1.5 Modulus of Elasticity E=74 GPa Poissons Ratio P=0.33 Material density The depth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.3 at the fixed end to 0.1 at the free end. The breadth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.02 at the fixed end to 0.005 at the free end. The assumed modes are given by the polynomial function: MATLAB Operation >> L=1.5 L = 1.5000 >>x=[0,0.15,0.3,0.45,0.6,0.75,0.9,1.05,1.2,1.35,1.5] x = 0 0.1500 0.3000 0.4500 0.6000 0.7500 0.9000 1.0500 1.2000 1.3500 1.5000 >> s=x/L s = 0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 1.0000 >> V1= 2*s.^2-(4/3)*s.^3+(1/3)*s.^4 V1 = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 >> V2=(10/3)*s.^3-(10/3)*s.^4+s.^5 V2 = 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> V=[V1;V2] V = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> dV1=(1/(L.^2))*(4-8*s+4*(s.^2)) dV1 = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 >> dV2= (1/(L.^2))*(20*s-40*(s.^2)+20*(s.^3)) dV2 = 0 0.7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 >> dV=[dV1;dV2] dV = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 0 0 .7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 Weighting matrix can be formulated using Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons rule and Lagranges Interpolation formula. By Lagranges interpolation formula if the beam is divided into 10 equal elements with spacing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºd then weighting matrix is computed as: MATLAB Operation >> d=0.15 d = 0.1500 >> W1=(d/3.7266)*[1,6.616,-3.020,16.954,-16.216,26.599,-16.216,16.954, -3.020, 6.616,1] W1 = 0.0403 0.2663 -0.1216 0.6824 -0.6527 1.0706 -0.6527 0.6824 -0.1216 0.2663 0.0403 >> W=diag(W1) W = 0.0403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0403 Mass matrix is a diagonal matrix representing the mass per unit length at the eleven span wise stations. The matrix can be calculated by Material density = 2700 The depth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Depth Similarly the breadth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Breadth MATLAB Operation >> h=0.3-(s*0.2) h = 0.3000 0.2800 0.2600 0.2400 0.2200 0.2000 0.1800 0.1600 0.1400 0.1200 0.1000 >> b=0.02-(s*0.015) b = 0.0200 0.0185 0.0170 0.0155 0.0140 0.0125 0.0110 0.0095 0.0080 0.0065 0.0050 >> m=2700*diag(b)*diag(h) m = 16.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.9860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.9340 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.3160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.7500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.3460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1040 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3500 The Second moment of area of the beam is given by MATLAB Operation >> I=diag(h)*(diag(b).^3)/12 I = 1.0e-006 * 0.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1064 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0745 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0503 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0027 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0010 Rigidity matrix is the diagonal matrix that gives the product of modulus of elasticity and the second moment of area of the beam about the neutral axis. EI=74000000000*I EI = 1.0e+004 * 1.4800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7877 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2409 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0442 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0077 Substituting in Rayleigh-Ritz equation: This gives Simplifying The above equation is a quadratic in , which can be solved = Result: The approximate values of the first and second natural frequencies of the given beam under flexural vibrations, by the use of Rayleigh- Ritz method, was found to be 2. Mode shapes Consider the equation Substituting the values of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0578 Substituting the value of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0693 3. Finite Element Method Finite Element Method (FEM) is considered to be one of the profound developments in the static and dynamics analysis of continuous systems. It provides a discrete approximation to vibration of continuous systems. The finite element method can be developed as a special case of the Rayleigh -Ritz method. The method was originally developed for the static- stress analysis of complex distributed parameter structures. Now a days FEM is widely applied to disciplines of heat transfer, electro magnetics, fluid flow and vibrations. In finite element method the structure is divided into a large number of small but finite parts called elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. For each element a displacement function is assumed which satisfies the geometric boundary condition so that continuity is achieved between the elements. The variations in displacement of each element( which can be linear, quadratic etc.), are assumed over the length of the element. This method allows the displacement of any point in the element to be expressed in terms of the displacement at the end of the element. These displacements by finite element terminology are called nodal variables. Unlike Rayleigh-Ritz in finite element method the global coordinate is replaced by a local coordinate where is the length of the element. The kinetic and strain energy of the element is obtained by integrating along the elements length, in terms of the nodal variables. By superposing the energies contributed by the individual elements into which the structure is divided, we can obtain the kinetic and strain energy of the structure or system in terms of the nodal variables of the whole structure. The finite element method is mainly based on variational principles. The method is considered very much versatile and can be used to physical problems with arbitrary shapes, loads and support conditions. The finite element model has a close resemblance to the actual structure. Many general finite element code packages have been written over the years with user friendly windows and menus (GUI) which allow for easy geometry setup, boundary condition manipulation and evaluation/post processing of common structural problems. Some of the most popular codes in the industry are ANSYS, MSC Nastran and MARC. ANSYS will be the code used for this assignment. ANSYS Operation Define Material Step 1: Set preferences Preferences are set in order to filter quantities that pertain to this discipline. Step 2: Define constant material properties. Modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio and Density are defined. Step 3:- Modeling Create the beam with required geometry. Generating Mesh Step 4: Define element type Two element types are defined: a 2-D element and a 3-D element. The beam cross-sectional area is meshed with 2-D elements, and then the area is to be extruded to create a 3-D volume. The mesh will be extruded along with the geometry so 3-D elements will automatically be created in the volume. Step 5: Mesh the area Mesh control are specified in order to obtain a particular mesh density. Element edge length is set at 0.01 Note: Mesh density is very important. If the mesh is too coarse your result can contain serious errors. If the mesh is too fine, would cause waste of computer resources, experience excessively long run time, the model may be too large to be run on the computer system. Unfortunately it cannot be definitively specified how fine the mesh density should be. But one way to find out is to perform the analysis with what seems to be a reasonable mesh. Then reanalyse the problem with twice as many elements in the critical region and compare the results. If the two mesh give the same result then the mesh probably be adequate. If there is substantial difference between the two results then further refinement of the mesh is required. Step 6:- Extrude the meshed area into a meshed volume. The 3-D volume is generated by first changing the element type to SOLID 45, which is defined as element type 2, and then extruding the area into a volume. The number of element divisions is set as 10 Offsets of extrusion are set as 0, 0, 1.5 Tapering ratio is given as 0.33333, 0.25, 0 Apply loads Step 7:- Unselect 2-D elements Before applying constraints to the fixed end of the wing, unselect all the PLANE42 elements used in the 2-D area mesh since they will not be used for the analysis. Step 8:- Apply constraints to the model Constraints will be applied to all nodes located where the wing is fixed to the body. Select all nodes at z = 0, then apply the displacement constraints. Obtain Solution Step 9:- Specify analysis type and options Specify a modal analysis type. Number of modes to be extracted is given as 5 Number of modes to be expanded is given as 5 Step 10:- Solve Observe results Step 11:-List natural frequencies ***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE ***** SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE 1 11.964 1 1 1 2 40.840 1 2 2 3 100.05 1 3 3 4 144.08 1 4 4 5 182.70 1 5 5 Step 12:- Animate the two mode shapes. Set the results for the first mode to be animated. Observe the first mode shape. Animate the next mode shape. Observe the second mode shape. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the other three mode shapes. First Mode Shape Second Mode Shape Third Mode Shape Fourth Mode Shape Fifth Mode Shape 4. Comparison of Rayleigh-Ritz Method and Finite Element Method Rayleigh-Ritz method Rayleigh-Ritz method uses the principle of conservation of energy to formulate the matrix equation.one major advantage of this method is that it allows us to neglect the non-applied forces like forces at a point of rolling contact, forces at frictionless guides etc. Considering the method to be an extension of the Rayleigh method it has an improved accuracy by assuming the deflection curve of the beam to be Nevertheless the assumed function should satisfy all the boundary conditions and should be linearly independent. This can be easily achieved by using polynomial expression to derive the deflection function. Disadvantages and limitations The selection of assumed deflection function requires a good knowledge and expertise of the method Good approximation of the true natural modes are only possible as the assumed function are limited in numbers and nature All n modal solutions will not give a good approximation to the true mode, so it is necessary to discard some higher frequency modes. The approximations are only good for lower modes and it becomes worse for higher modes. The major limitation of this method is in the manner in which the strain energy can be expressed. Finite Element Method The finite element method (its practical application is often as Finite Element Analysis)is a powerful technique developed in the analysis of complex structural mechanics. In this method the structure is divided into large number of finite parts or elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. The elements will have properties like thickness, Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio etc. An assumption is made over the variation over the length of the element. This allows to find the displacement at any point in the given structure by introducing Disadvantages and limitations The method is not considered convenient for simple structures. Its a time consuming operation. Its accuracy depends on the number of elements the structure is divided. It does not provide a closed-form solution, denying analytical study of the effects of changing parameters. It needs a reliable program for support. Creating a good model requires experience. A good amount of data are required and voluminous output must be sorted and studied. Comparison of results Obtained by Rayleigh-Ritz Method Obtained by Finite Element Method % Difference 0.77% 26.82% There is difference of 26.82% for the second frequency of the system. The value obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz method can be brought closer to accuracy by increasing the number of assumed functions and by improving their nature. Normally the approximation becomes worse as we move to higher modes .With use of only two assumed functions, the solutions obtained are considered to be satisfactory. Errors in Rayleigh-Ritz method To use the method with ease the assumed functions are kept as simple as possible by using simple polynomial functions and at fewer times only the functions of sine and cosine are used. There is no exact answer as to which function the good approximate value can be obtained. There are always some terms omitted in the function which results to an ineffective solution. This method is considered to be inflexible as the actual displacement of the structure is restricted to only the shape generated by superposing the finite number of functions selected by the analyst. Recommendation to improve Rayleigh-Ritz method The iterative process can be carried out with each time adding the term in the assumed function until it gives the exact value. Errors in Finite Element method Distorted mesh can result in flawed stiffness and mass terms Errors are always presented at joints and constrained boundaries due to uncertainty. Recommendation to improve Finite Element method Iterative method has to be applied to see the number of elements actually required to break down the structure so as to obtain more accurate value. Appropriate methods should be employed for remeshing like HYPERMESH, Mesh++ based on a posterior error. CONCLUSION The first and second natural frequencies of the given beam are found out by using both Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite element method, and mode shapes for these frequencies are drawn.

Spirituality and Edna St. Vincent Millays Works Essay -- Edna St. Vin

The assimilation of human feeling with nature impacted the writings of Edna St. Vincent Millay throughout the entirety of her career. At an early age, on the coast of Maine, Millay had a quasi-religious experience while nearly drowning, that when written down ten years later became the foundation of one of her most staggering works, â€Å"Renascence.† The way in which Millay confronts and interacts with nature, namely the sky, is unnerving, raw, and beautiful. She transcends time and is enabled to take part in an empathetic experience with the entirety of what she perceives around her. This poem serves as a precursor to later poems that deal with the human and its counterpart in existence, nature. Over the course of her work, Millay was constantly reconfiguring her notion of God, humanity, and nature and how they were interrelated. This examination and understanding of a oneness with things is the theme found throughout her writing. In addition to â€Å"Renascence†, it is found in â€Å"Spring† as well as â€Å"Epitaph for the Race of Man.† The constant it seems is her communion with that around her in the natural world. Her offerings of interpretations and meditations on the earthly goods of nature and humanity showcase a pantheistic view of the world, in which everything equals God. The poem â€Å"Renascence†, which garnered Edna St. Vincent Millay instant fame as a poet and allowed her entry into her life as a writer was written when she was only eighteen, ten years after a near drowning incident off of coastal Maine. The poem deals with the spiritual experience of accepting man’s suffering and offers an extended and meditative view of nature as a presence that pushes and awakens the sense of empathy in man. The beauty of â€Å"Renas... ...even if these connections are made by the shared experience of death. It is in this connection to larger ideas and showing then, the connections to smaller entities therein, that Edna Millay is able to project a pantheistic sensibility, even if this is in the minor chord of foreboding destruction. The humanity that Millay is privy to in the understandings she obtains from the observation of earth, sky, season, and the cycle of existence is the paramount essence of her writing. The poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay is the poetry of evaluation of that which is shared and experienced. In each of her writings above, Millay has reconfigured the notion of nature and humanity, not as separate things existing in the same world, but rather two forces occupying each other’s space long enough that there is an indelible reference to each in the existence of the other.